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fluorescent X-rays - translation to russian
![Two-dimensional [[powder diffraction]] setup for ''high-energy X-rays''. HEX-rays entering from the left are diffracted in forward direction at the sample and registered by a 2D detector such as an image plate.<ref name="Liss"/>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HEX-2D-diffraction.png?width=200 "Two-dimensional [[powder diffraction]] setup for ''high-energy X-rays''. HEX-rays entering from the left are diffracted in forward direction at the sample and registered by a 2D detector such as an image plate.<ref name=\"Liss\"/>")
общая лексика
флуоресцентные рентгеновские лучи
![A cold-cathode fluorescent lamp from an emergency-exit sign. Operating at a much higher voltage than other fluorescents, the lamp produces a low-amperage [[glow discharge]] rather than an arc, similar to a [[neon light]]. Without direct connection to line voltage, current is limited by the transformer alone, negating the need for a ballast.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp.JPG?width=200 "A cold-cathode fluorescent lamp from an emergency-exit sign. Operating at a much higher voltage than other fluorescents, the lamp produces a low-amperage [[glow discharge]] rather than an arc, similar to a [[neon light]]. Without direct connection to line voltage, current is limited by the transformer alone, negating the need for a ballast.")
![A [[Sankey diagram]] of energy losses in a fluorescent lamp. In modern designs, the biggest loss is the [[quantum efficiency]] of converting high-energy UV photons to lower-energy visible light photons.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fluorescent Energy.svg?width=200 "A [[Sankey diagram]] of energy losses in a fluorescent lamp. In modern designs, the biggest loss is the [[quantum efficiency]] of converting high-energy UV photons to lower-energy visible light photons.")
![[[Electronic ballast]] basic schematic](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fluorescent Lamp Inverter.png?width=200 "[[Electronic ballast]] basic schematic")
![T12 and T8]] G13 bi-pin fluorescent lamps](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fluorescent lamp hold for T8 and T12 lamps.jpg?width=200 "T12 and T8]] G13 bi-pin fluorescent lamps")
![Light from a fluorescent tube lamp reflected by a [[CD]] shows the individual bands of color.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fluorescent lamp spectrum.jpg?width=200 "Light from a fluorescent tube lamp reflected by a [[CD]] shows the individual bands of color.")
![[[Capacitive coupling]] with [[high-voltage power line]]s can light a lamp continuously at low intensity.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fluorescent tube under electric line.jpg?width=200 "[[Capacitive coupling]] with [[high-voltage power line]]s can light a lamp continuously at low intensity.")
![A [[germicidal lamp]] uses a low-pressure mercury-vapor glow discharge identical to that in a fluorescent lamp, but the uncoated [[fused quartz]] envelope allows ultraviolet radiation to transmit.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Germicidal UV discharge tube glow.jpg?width=200 "A [[germicidal lamp]] uses a low-pressure mercury-vapor glow discharge identical to that in a fluorescent lamp, but the uncoated [[fused quartz]] envelope allows ultraviolet radiation to transmit.")
![A helical cool-white fluorescent lamp reflected in a [[diffraction grating]] reveals the various [[spectral lines]] which make up the light.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Helical fluorescent lamp spectrum by diffraction grating.JPG?width=200 "A helical cool-white fluorescent lamp reflected in a [[diffraction grating]] reveals the various [[spectral lines]] which make up the light.")
![The [[color temperature]] of different electric lamps](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kelvin Temperature Chart.svg?width=200 "The [[color temperature]] of different electric lamps")
![Top: two non-integrated [[compact fluorescent lamp]]s. Bottom: two fluorescent tube lamps. Both types require a ballast in the [[light fixture]]. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg?width=200 "Top: two non-integrated [[compact fluorescent lamp]]s. Bottom: two fluorescent tube lamps. Both types require a ballast in the [[light fixture]]. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.")
![ballast]] continually heats the [[cathode]]s at the ends of the lamps. This ballast runs two F40T12 lamps in series.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Magnetek Watt Reducer HPF Rapid Start Ballast.jpg?width=200 "ballast]] continually heats the [[cathode]]s at the ends of the lamps. This ballast runs two F40T12 lamps in series.")
![ballast]] for 18–20 W](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/New GE Ballast.JPG?width=200 "ballast]] for 18–20 W")
![[[Peter Cooper Hewitt]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peter Cooper Hewitt.jpg?width=200 "[[Peter Cooper Hewitt]]")
.png?width=200 "frameless")
![[[Electronic ballast]]s and different compact fluorescent lamps](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TCS lamps2.jpg?width=200 "[[Electronic ballast]]s and different compact fluorescent lamps")
![Fluorescent spectra in comparison with other forms of lighting. Clockwise from upper left: Fluorescent lamp, [[incandescent bulb]], [[candle]] flame and [[LED lighting]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Various lighting spectrums - Flurescent incandescent diode and candle.jpg?width=200 "Fluorescent spectra in comparison with other forms of lighting. Clockwise from upper left: Fluorescent lamp, [[incandescent bulb]], [[candle]] flame and [[LED lighting]].")
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флуоресцентная трубка
Definition
Wikipedia
High-energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with typical energies of 80–1000 keV (1 MeV), about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X-rays used for X-ray crystallography (and well into gamma-ray energies over 120 keV). They are produced at modern synchrotron radiation sources such as the beamline ID15 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The main benefit is the deep penetration into matter which makes them a probe for thick samples in physics and materials science and permits an in-air sample environment and operation. Scattering angles are small and diffraction directed forward allows for simple detector setups.
High energy (megavolt) X-rays are also used in cancer therapy, using beams generated by linear accelerators to suppress tumors.
